<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Econ Case Study</title>
    <style>
        * {
            font-size: 12pt;
        }

        .container {
            margin-top: 30px
        }

        polyline {
            fill: none;
            stroke: #000000;
            stroke-width: 2px;
            stroke-dasharray: 5px;
        }

        .embed-size {
            width: 920px;
            height: 580px;
        }

        #content {
        }
    </style>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0-beta.3/css/bootstrap.min.css"
          integrity="sha384-Zug+QiDoJOrZ5t4lssLdxGhVrurbmBWopoEl+M6BdEfwnCJZtKxi1KgxUyJq13dy" crossorigin="anonymous">
    <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.2.1.slim.min.js"
            integrity="sha384-KJ3o2DKtIkvYIK3UENzmM7KCkRr/rE9/Qpg6aAZGJwFDMVNA/GpGFF93hXpG5KkN"
            crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.12.9/umd/popper.min.js"
            integrity="sha384-ApNbgh9B+Y1QKtv3Rn7W3mgPxhU9K/ScQsAP7hUibX39j7fakFPskvXusvfa0b4Q"
            crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
    <script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0-beta.3/js/bootstrap.min.js"
            integrity="sha384-a5N7Y/aK3qNeh15eJKGWxsqtnX/wWdSZSKp+81YjTmS15nvnvxKHuzaWwXHDli+4"
            crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
    <script src="https://d3js.org/d3.v4.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body style="width: 925px; margin: auto auto">
<table style="width: 920px; margin-top: 10px">
    <tr>
        <td>
        </td>
        <td style="vertical-align: top">
            <div id="content" data-spy="scroll" data-target="#navbar" data-offset="50">
                <h1 id="1">1. Netherlands Profile</h1>
                <h2 id="1.1">1.1 Background Information</h2>
                <p>
                    The Netherlands is the 9th largest export economy in the world. In 2016, the Netherlands exported
                    $435B and imported $393B, resulting in a positive trade balance of $42.8B.
                </p>
                <p>The Netherlands borders Belgium and Germany by land and the United Kingdom, Anguilla, Saint Kitts and
                    Nevis, the Virgin Islands and Venezuela by sea.
                </p>
                Reference: <a href="https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/nld/">https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/nld/</a><br/><br/>
                <h2 id="1.2">1.2 Economic Structure</h2>
                <h4 id="1.2.1">1.2.1 Economic Sectors</h4>
                <p>
                    The service sector is the most dominant and biggest contributor to Netherlands’ economy. The service
                    sector contributes as much as 73.7% to the GDP (2009 figures) and generates employment opportunities
                    for 80% of the workforce (8.33 million).
                </p>
                <p>
                    The service sector includes financial services, transportation, goods distribution and tourism. The
                    computer related industry is also a well developed segment for the sector. The telecommunication
                    industry holds a lot of potential as well. The latest trend in the service sector seems to be
                    mergers to
                    consolidate resources and optimize usage.
                </p>
                <p>
                    Netherlands' industrial sector is a well diversified segment with a variety of industries, such as
                    petroleum refining, food processing, chemicals and electrical machinery. Other prominent industries
                    are:
                </p>
                <ul>
                    <li>Agro-industries</li>
                    <li>Metal and engineering products</li>
                    <li>Construction</li>
                    <li>Microelectronics</li>
                    <li>Fishing</li>
                </ul>
                <p>
                    The industry sector contributes 24.4% to the GDP and employs almost 18% of the workforce. The
                    government is taking steps to encourage the growth of new industries in areas that are economically
                    depressed. Specific measures have been taken to encourage growth in biotechnology, aerospace
                    industry and microelectronics. Being a huge economy, FDI keeps coming in and stood at $661 billions
                    in 2009.
                </p>
                Reference: <a href="http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/netherlands/structure-of-economy.html">http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/netherlands/structure-of-economy.html</a><br/><br/>
                <h4 id="1.2.2">1.2.2 Import Composition</h4>
                <iframe class="embed-size" scrolling="no"
                        src="https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/embed/tree_map/hs92/import/nld/all/show/2016/?controls=false"
                        frameborder="0"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h4 id="1.2.3">1.2.3 Export Composition</h4>
                <iframe class="embed-size" scrolling="no"
                        src="https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/embed/tree_map/hs92/export/nld/all/show/2016/?controls=false"
                        frameborder="0"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h4 id="1.2.4">1.2.4 Industries with Externalities</h4>
                <p>
                    Agriculture. Dutch agriculture comprises two main parts: animal production and arable or crop
                    production. Each type of production has different impacts on the environment. The environment is
                    subdivided into three parts: 1) water 2) air and 3) soil .
                </p>
                <p>
                    With respect to water, both the animal farms and the arable farms have an impact on this part of the
                    environment. As regards animal production, the following animal activities are considered: cows,
                    sheep, goats, pigs, poultry and rabbits. The manure of these animals ends up at the soil. Via the
                    soil the components of the manure like phosphate (P) and nitrate (N) flush into the water. Besides,
                    rainwater will flush the components of the manure directly from the surface of the soil into the
                    water. With regard to arable, there are also substances which will flush into the water.
                    Fertilizers, pesticides, nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) used in this sector will end up in the water.
                    These substances have an impact on the biodiversity and human health. Removing or reducing these
                    substances in the water involves costs. An estimation of these costs has to be made to estimate the
                    costs of the negative externalities of the farms with respect to water.
                </p>
                <p>
                    Farms have also several impacts on the air. Animal farms emit methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), carbon
                    dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>),
                    nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>), sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) and ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) to the
                    air. Arable farms emit carbon
                    dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and nitrogen (N) to the air. An estimation of the costs and emission per
                    animal
                    species and crop has to be made to make an estimation of the total impact of the agricultural sector
                    on the air.
                </p>
                <p>With respect to soil, both types of farms have an impact on this part of the environment. Via the
                    manure of the animals, animal farms deposit nitrate (N), phosphate (P) and zoonosis. Pesticides and
                    fertilizers are also getting into the soil. With respect to arable farms, pesticides, nitrate (N),
                    phosphate (P), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and fertilizers are getting into the soil. These
                    different
                    substances have different impacts on the biodiversity in the soil. Land use changes have also an
                    impact on the composition of the soil. Certain changes will lead to fixation of carbon dioxide
                    (CO<sub>2</sub>)
                    and others will lead to emission of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). Both the fixation and emissions
                    will have
                    an impact on the biodiversity and the environmental as a whole. The emissions and fixation and the
                    associated costs of all these substances have to be estimated to show the impact of the agricultural
                    sector with respect to the soil.
                </p>
                <a href="https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/182705/2/Polman-Costs_and_benefits_associated_with_the_externalities_generated-203_a.pdf">https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/182705/2/Polman-Costs_and_benefits_associated_with_the_externalities_generated-203_a.pdf</a><br/><br/>
                <h2 id="1.3">1.3 Economic Indicators</h2>
                <h4 id="1.3.1">1.3.1 Exchange Rate</h4>
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Netherlands/topics/Economy/Short-term-indicators/Exchange-rate"
                        allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" class="embed-size" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h4 id="1.3.2">1.3.2 Interest Rate</h4>
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Netherlands/topics/Economy/Financial-Sector-Interest-rates/Lending-interest-rate"
                        allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" class="embed-size" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <!--<iframe src="https://data.worldbank.org/share/widget?indicators=FR.INR.LEND&locations=NL&view=chart" width='910' height='606' frameBorder='0' scrolling="no" ></iframe>-->
                <h4 id="1.3.3">1.3.3 Inflation Rate</h4>
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Netherlands/topics/Economy/Inflation-and-Prices/Inflation-rate"
                        allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" class="embed-size" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h4 id="1.3.4">1.3.4 Unemployment Rate</h4>
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Netherlands/Unemployment-rate" allowtransparency="true"
                        frameborder="0" class="embed-size" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h4 id="1.3.5">1.3.5 GINI Coefficient</h4>
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Netherlands/GINI-index" allowtransparency="true"
                        frameborder="0" class="embed-size" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <!--<iframe src="https://data.worldbank.org/share/widget?indicators=SI.POV.GINI&locations=NL" width='910'-->
                <!--height='580' frameBorder='0' scrolling="no"></iframe>-->
                <h4 id="1.3.6">1.3.6 Human Development Index</h4>
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Netherlands/Human-development-index"
                        allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" class="embed-size" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h4 id="1.3.7">1.3.7 Balance of Payments</h4>
                <h5 id="1.3.7.1">1.3.7.1 Current Account</h5>
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Netherlands/topics/Economy/Balance-of-Payments-Current-accounts/Current-account-balance"
                        allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" class="embed-size" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h5 id="1.3.7.2">1.3.7.2 Capital Account</h5>
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Netherlands/topics/Economy/Balance-of-Payments-Capital-and-financial-account/Net-capital-account"
                        allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" class="embed-size" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h5 id="1.3.7.3">1.3.7.3 Financial Account</h5>
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Netherlands/topics/Economy/Balance-of-Payments-Capital-and-financial-account/Net-financial-account"
                        allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" class="embed-size" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h2 id="1.4">1.4 Trade</h2>
                <h4 id="1.4.1">1.4.1 Trade Partners</h4>
                <h5 id="1.4.1.1">1.4.1.1 Import Origins</h5>
                <iframe class="embed-size"
                        src="https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/embed/tree_map/hs92/import/nld/show/all/2016/?controls=false"
                        frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h5 id="1.4.1.2">1.4.1.2 Export Destinations</h5>
                <iframe class="embed-size"
                        src="https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/embed/tree_map/hs92/export/nld/show/all/2016/?controls=false"
                        frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h4 id="1.4.2">1.4.2 Trade Balance</h4>
                <iframe class="embed-size"
                        src="https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/embed/line/hs92/show/nld/all/all/1995.2016/?controls=false"
                        frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h4 id="1.4.3">1.4.3 Trade Benefits</h4>
                <p>
                    Due to globalization, international trade flows have increased significantly over recent decades.
                    Between 1996 and 2007, imports of goods into the Netherlands increased 7% by monetary value
                    (constant prices).
                </p>
                <p>
                    As part of their corporate strategies, companies in the Netherlands take shared responsibility for
                    mitigating the impacts elsewhere in the world, caused within their supply chains. This applies
                    especially to the impacts from production processes in countries that have less well-developed
                    environmental legislation and governance. Shaping this shared responsibility is an important part of
                    the Dutch Aid and Trade policy agenda.
                </p>
                <p>
                    Forests and agricultural ecosystems in remote economies provide the Dutch economy with a range of
                    natural resources. Imported resources are processed into final products that are sold in the
                    Netherlands or to other countries. Dutch economy is therefore strongly interrelated with economies
                    around the world.
                </p>
                <p>
                    The trade in biotic resources and derived products accounts for nearly 15% of all imports in
                    monetary terms. The Dutch food and feed industry strongly depends on these imports. Non-EU countries
                    provide 40% of the imports in agricultural resource and food products, and after processing, most
                    products are sold on the European market. Cacao, soya and palm oil are the three most important
                    agricultural commodities of tropical origin: cacao mainly comes from Africa, palm oil from Southeast
                    Asia and soya from South American countries and the United States.
                </p>
                Reference: <a href="http://www.pbl.nl/node/63907">http://www.pbl.nl/node/63907</a><br/><br/>
                <h2 id="1.5">1.5 Resources and Potential</h2>
                <p>
                    GDP growth is projected to remain strong and broad-based in 2018 and 2019. Private consumption
                    growth will peak in 2018, reflecting a strong labour market and a looser fiscal stance, before
                    moderating in 2019. Growth in business investment should be vibrant, driven by improved economic
                    sentiment and solid external demand. Wage growth and inflation are projected to rise gradually. The
                    current account surplus is set to ease gradually but remain at a high level.
                </p>
                <p>
                    Accommodative euro area monetary policy will continue to support demand. Fiscal measures outlined in
                    the recent government coalition agreement will also be supportive, especially in 2018. To ensure
                    more inclusive growth, labour market reforms should make it easier for workers to attain good
                    quality jobs. Avenues to reduce reliance on non-standard jobs include lowering the cap on severance
                    payments and ensuring that the dismissal system works more efficiently. Improving credit flow to
                    SMEs and increasing public spending on R&D would lead to higher rates of investment and help to
                    reduce one of the largest current account surpluses in the euro area.
                </p>
                <p>
                    House prices have recovered and in major cities have surpassed the level reached before the global
                    financial crisis. High levels of mortgage debt make households vulnerable to decreases in house
                    prices. The reduction in the maximum loan-to-value ratio for new mortgages and the lowering of
                    mortgage interest relief should proceed at a faster pace than planned to reduce fragilities. Easing
                    the strict regulation of the private rental market would improve housing supply and damp excessive
                    house price growth.
                </p>
                Reference: <a href="http://www.oecd.org/economy/netherlands-economic-forecast-summary.htm">http://www.oecd.org/economy/netherlands-economic-forecast-summary.htm</a><br/><br/>
                <h1 id="2">2. Ukraine Profile</h1>
                <h2 id="2.1">2.1 Background Information</h2>
                <h4 id="2.1.1">2.1.1 Historical Background</h4>
                <p>
                    Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th
                    centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and
                    Mongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into
                    the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kyivan Rus laid the
                    foundation for Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new Ukrainian state, the
                    Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles.
                    Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100
                    years. During the latter part of the 18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was
                    absorbed by the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine achieved a
                    short-lived period of independence (1917-20), but was reconquered and endured a brutal Soviet rule
                    that engineered two forced famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War
                    II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although Ukraine
                    achieved independence in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, democracy and prosperity remained
                    elusive as the legacy of state control and endemic corruption stalled efforts at economic reform,
                    privatization, and civil liberties.</p>
                <p>A peaceful mass protest referred to as the "Orange Revolution" in the closing months of 2004 forced
                    the authorities to overturn a rigged presidential election and to allow a new internationally
                    monitored vote that swept into power a reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. Subsequent internal
                    squabbles in the YUSHCHENKO camp allowed his rival Viktor YANUKOVYCH to stage a comeback in
                    parliamentary (Rada) elections, become prime minister in August 2006, and be elected president in
                    February 2010. In October 2012, Ukraine held Rada elections, widely criticized by Western observers
                    as flawed due to use of government resources to favor ruling party candidates, interference with
                    media access, and harassment of opposition candidates. President YANUKOVYCH's backtracking on a
                    trade and cooperation agreement with the EU in November 2013 - in favor of closer economic ties with
                    Russia - and subsequent use of force against students, civil society activists, and other civilians
                    in favor of the agreement led to a three-month protest occupation of Kyiv's central square. The
                    government's use of violence to break up the protest camp in February 2014 led to all out pitched
                    battles, scores of deaths, international condemnation, and the president's abrupt departure for
                    Russia. New elections in the spring allowed pro-West president Petro POROSHENKO to assume office on
                    7 June 2014.</p>
                <p>Shortly after YANUKOVYCH's departure in late February 2014, Russian President PUTIN ordered the
                    invasion of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula claiming the action was to protect ethnic Russians living
                    there. Two weeks later, a "referendum" was held regarding the integration of Crimea into the Russian
                    Federation. The "referendum" was condemned as illegitimate by the Ukrainian Government, the EU, the
                    US, and the UN General Assembly (UNGA). In response to Russia's purported annexation of Crimea, 100
                    members of the UN passed UNGA resolution 68/262, rejecting the "referendum" as baseless and invalid
                    and confiming the sovereignty, political independence, unity, and territorial integrity of Ukraine.
                    Russia also continues to supply separatists in two of Ukraine's eastern provinces with manpower,
                    funding, and materiel resulting in an armed conflict with the Ukrainian Government. Representatives
                    from Ukraine, Russia, and the unrecognized separatist republics signed the Minsk Protocol and
                    Memorandum in September 2014 to end the conflict. However, this agreement failed to stop the
                    fighting. In a renewed attempt to alleviate ongoing clashes, leaders of Ukraine, Russia, France, and
                    Germany negotiated a follow-on package of measures in February 2015 to implement the Minsk
                    Agreements. Representatives from Ukraine, Russia, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation
                    in Europe also meet regularly to facilitate implementation of the peace deal. More than 33,000
                    civilians have been killed or wounded in the fighting resulting from Russian aggression in eastern
                    Ukraine.
                </p>
                Reference: <a href="https://www.economy.com/ukraine/indicators">https://www.economy.com/ukraine/indicators</a><br/><br/>
                <h4 id="2.1.2">2.1.2 Key Figures</h4>
                <h5>Population: 42 Million</h5>
                <h5>GDP Total: $366 billion (50th)</h5>
                <h5>GDP per capita: $8,656 (114th)</h5>
                <h5>Ranked as "Low and Middle income country" according to the world bank</h5>
                <br/>
                <h2 id="2.2">2.2 Economic Structure</h2>
                <h4 id="2.2.1">2.2.1 Economic Sectors</h4>
                <div class="container">
                    <svg width="640px" height="300px"></svg>
                </div>
                <script>
                    // var canvas = document.getElementById('pie-chart1'),
                    //     context = canvas.getContext("2d");
                    drawPie();

                    function drawPie() {
                        var width = 640, height = 450;
                        var main = d3.select('.container svg').append('g')
                            .classed('main', true)
                            .attr('transform', "translate(" + width / 2 + ',' + height / 3 + ')');
                        var dataset = [
                            {name: 'Agriculture: 13.8%', value: 13.8},
                            {name: 'Manufacture: 27.3%', value: 27.3},
                            {name: 'Service: 59.5%', value: 59.5}
                        ];
                        var pie = d3.pie()
                            .sort(null)
                            .value(function (d) {
                                return d.value;
                            });
                        var pieData = pie(dataset);
                        var radius = 120;
                        var arc = d3.arc()
                            .innerRadius(0)
                            .outerRadius(radius);
                        var outerArc = d3.arc()
                            .innerRadius(1.2 * radius)
                            .outerRadius(1.2 * radius);
                        var oArc = d3.arc()
                            .innerRadius(1.1 * radius)
                            .outerRadius(1.1 * radius);
                        var slices = main.append('g').attr('class', 'slices');
                        var lines = main.append('g').attr('class', 'lines');
                        var labels = main.append('g').attr('class', 'labels');
                        var arcs = slices.selectAll('g')
                            .data(pieData)
                            .enter()
                            .append('path')
                            .attr('fill', function (d, i) {
                                return getColor(i);
                            })
                            .attr('d', function (d) {
                                return arc(d);
                            });
                        var texts = labels.selectAll('text')
                            .data(pieData)
                            .enter()
                            .append('text')
                            .attr('dy', '0.35em')
                            .attr('fill', function (d, i) {
                                return getColor(i);
                            })
                            .text(function (d, i) {
                                return d.data.name;
                            })
                            .style('text-anchor', function (d, i) {
                                return midAngel(d) < Math.PI ? 'start' : 'end';
                            })
                            .attr('transform', function (d, i) {
                                var pos = outerArc.centroid(d);
                                pos[0] = radius * (midAngel(d) < Math.PI ? 1.5 : -1.5);

                                return 'translate(' + pos + ')';
                            })
                            .style('opacity', 1);

                        var polylines = lines.selectAll('polyline')
                            .data(pieData)
                            .enter()
                            .append('polyline')
                            .attr('points', function (d) {
                                return [arc.centroid(d), arc.centroid(d), arc.centroid(d)];
                            })
                            .attr('points', function (d) {
                                var pos = outerArc.centroid(d);
                                pos[0] = radius * (midAngel(d) < Math.PI ? 1.5 : -1.5);
                                return [oArc.centroid(d), outerArc.centroid(d), pos];
                            })
                            .style('opacity', 0.5);
                    }

                    function midAngel(d) {
                        return d.startAngle + (d.endAngle - d.startAngle) / 2;
                    }

                    function getColor(idx) {
                        var palette = [
                            '#2ec7c9', '#b6a2de', '#5ab1ef', '#ffb980', '#d87a80',
                            '#8d98b3', '#e5cf0d', '#97b552', '#95706d', '#dc69aa',
                            '#07a2a4', '#9a7fd1', '#588dd5', '#f5994e', '#c05050',
                            '#59678c', '#c9ab00', '#7eb00a', '#6f5553', '#c14089'
                        ];
                        return palette[idx % palette.length];
                    }
                </script>
                <h4 id="2.2.2">2.2.2 Import Composition</h4>
                <iframe class="embed-size" scrolling="no"
                        src="//atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/embed/tree_map/hs92/import/chl/all/show/2016/?controls=false"
                        frameborder="0"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h4 id="2.2.3">2.2.3 Export Composition</h4>
                <iframe class="embed-size" scrolling="no"
                        src="//atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/embed/tree_map/hs92/export/chl/all/show/2016/?controls=false"
                        frameborder="0"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h4 id="2.2.4">2.2.4 Industries with Externalities</h4>
                <p>
                    Because Ukraine has large amount of ore reserves, the mine process has resulted in pollution in many
                    environmental aspects</p>
                <p>Ukraine releases polluted water, heavy metal, organic compounds, and oil-related pollutants into the
                    Black Sea. The water supply in some areas of the country contains toxic industrial chemicals up to
                    10 times the concentration considered to be within safety limits.</p>
                <p>Air pollution is a significant environmental problem in the Ukraine. In 1992, Ukraine had the
                    world's seventh-highest level of industrial carbon dioxide emissions, which totaled 611.3 million
                    metric tons, a per capita level of 11.72. In 1996, the total had dropped significantly to 397
                    million metric tons. The pollution of the nation's water has resulted in large-scale elimination of
                    the fish population, particularly in the Sea of Azov.
                </p>
                Reference: <a href="http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Ukraine-ENVIRONMENT.html">http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Ukraine-ENVIRONMENT.html</a>
                <br/><br/>
                <h2 id="2.3">2.3 Economic Indicators</h2>
                <h4 id="2.3.1">2.3.1 Exchange Rate</h4>
                <iframe src="//knoema.com/atlas/embed/Ukraine/topics/Economy/Financial-Sector-Exchange-rates/Exchange-rate?"
                        style="height:580px; width:900px" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h4 id="2.3.2">2.3.2 Interest Rate</h4>
                <p>
                    The central bank of Ukraine hiked its key discount rate by 100bps to 14.5% on December 14th 2017,
                    surprising markets who expected no changes. It follows a similar move in the previous meeting, amid
                    higher than expected inflation. Inflation expectations deteriorated due raw food prices, wages and a
                    risk of a more significant increase in social standards that can affect cost of goods and services
                    and demand. In November, the inflation declined to 13.6 percent from 14.6 percent in October.
                    However the decrease was slower than forecasts, mainly due to higher production costs and a recovery
                    in demand. Interest Rate in Ukraine averaged 40 percent from 1992 until 2017, reaching an all time
                    high of 300 percent in October of 1994 and a record low of 6.50 percent in August of 2013.
                </p>
                <!--<iframe src='https://d3fy651gv2fhd3.cloudfront.net/embed/?s=ukraineintrate&v=201712141458v&d1=20080101&d2=20181231&h=560&w=920'-->
                <!--height='560' width='920' frameborder='0' scrolling='no'></iframe>-->
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Ukraine/topics/Economy/Financial-Sector-Interest-rates/Lending-interest-rate"
                        allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" class="embed-size"
                        scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h4 id="2.3.3">2.3.3 Inflation Rate</h4>
                <p>
                    Ukraine consumer prices increased 13.6 percent year-on-year in November of 2017, easing from a 14.6
                    percent rise in the preceding month. It was the lowest inflation rate since May. Prices eased for
                    food and non-alcoholic beverages (17.9 percent vs 18 percent in October); alcoholic beverages and
                    tobacco (23.8 percent vs 24.7 percent); housing and utilities (10.3 percent vs 15.2 percent) and
                    recreation and culture (3.9 percent vs 4.5 percent). In contrast, cost rose further for transport
                    (15.4 percent vs 14.4 percent); health (6.9 percent vs 6.4 percent); communication (11.5 percent vs
                    10.6 percent); restaurants and hotels (16.2 percent vs 15.4 percent) and miscellaneous goods and
                    services (5.8 percent vs 4.2 percent). On a monthly basis, consumer prices inched up 0.9 percent
                    compared to a 1.2 percent increase in October. Inflation Rate in Ukraine averaged 34.92 percent from
                    1995 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 530.30 percent in September of 1995 and a record low
                    of -1.20 percent in June of 2012.
                </p>
                <!--<iframe src="https://data.worldbank.org/share/widget?end=2016&indicators=FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG&locations=UA&start=2008&view=chart"-->
                <!--width='900' height='560' frameBorder='0' scrolling="no"></iframe>-->
                <!--<iframe src='https://d3fy651gv2fhd3.cloudfront.net/embed/?s=ukraineir&v=201712081719v&d1=20080101&d2=20181231&h=560&w=900'-->
                <!--height='560' width='900' frameborder='0' scrolling='no'></iframe>-->
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Ukraine/topics/Economy/Inflation-and-Prices/Inflation-rate"
                        allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" class="embed-size" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h4 id="2.3.4">2.3.4 Unemployment Rate</h4>
                <p>
                    The jobless rate in Ukraine increased slightly to 8.9 percent in the third quarter of 2017 from 8.8
                    percent in the same period a year ago. The number of unemployed people rose by 7.7 thousand to
                    1611.3 thousand and employed declined by 95.6 thousand to 16,428.6 thousand. Meanwhile, the economic
                    activity rate edged down to 62.6 percent from 62.7 percent. Unemployment Rate in Ukraine averaged
                    8.53 percent from 2003 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 10.60 percent in the fourth quarter
                    of 2014 and a record low of 6.30 percent in the third quarter of 2013.
                </p>
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Ukraine/Unemployment-rate" allowtransparency="true"
                        frameborder="0" class="embed-size" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <!--<iframe src="https://data.worldbank.org/share/widget?start=2008&indicators=SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS&locations=UA&view=chart"-->
                <!--width='900' height='560' frameBorder='0' scrolling="no"></iframe>-->
                <!--<iframe src='https://d3fy651gv2fhd3.cloudfront.net/embed/?s=ukraineur&v=201712221612v&d1=20080101&d2=20181231&h=560&w=920'-->
                <!--height='560' width='920' frameborder='0' scrolling='no'></iframe>-->
                <br/><br/>
                <h4 id="2.3.5">2.3.5 GINI Coefficient</h4>
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Ukraine/GINI-index" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0"
                        class="embed-size" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <!--<iframe src='https://d3fy651gv2fhd3.cloudfront.net/embed/?s=ukr.si.pov.gini%3aworldbank&lbl=0&v=201801310000v&d1=20080101&d2=20181231&type=type=line&h=480&w=900'-->
                <!--height='480' width='900' frameborder='0' scrolling='no'></iframe>-->
                <!--<iframe src="https://data.worldbank.org/share/widget?end=2015&indicators=SI.POV.GINI&locations=UA&start=2008&view=chart"-->
                <!--width='910' height='606' frameBorder='0' scrolling="no"></iframe>-->
                <br/><br/>
                <h4 id="2.3.6">2.3.6 Human Development Index</h4>
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Ukraine/Human-development-index" allowtransparency="true"
                        frameborder="0" class="embed-size" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <!--<img width="910px" src="hdi.png"><br/><br/>-->
                <h4 id="2.3.7">2.3.7 Balance of Payments</h4>
                <h5 id="2.3.7.1">2.3.7.1 Current Account</h5>
                <!--<div style="width:900px;height: 400px;">-->
                <!--<iframe src="https://www.assetmacro.com/macrochart?id=3473&table=12" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"-->
                <!--width="900px" height="380px"></iframe>-->
                <!--<div style="font-size: 12px;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color:#428bca;text-align: center;position: relative;">-->
                <!--Powered by AssetMacro.com <a style="font-size:10px;color:#428bca;text-decoration:none;"-->
                <!--href="https://www.assetmacro.com" target="_blank">Financial-->
                <!--Advisor</a> - <a href="https://www.assetmacro.com/ukraine/ukraine-current-account/"-->
                <!--target="_blank" style="font-size:10px;color:#428bca;text-decoration:none;">Ukraine-->
                <!--Current Account | Free Economic Data | 1994 - 2017 | Macroecomic Indicators | Leading Indicators-->
                <!--| Chart</a></div>-->
                <!--</div>-->
                <iframe src="//knoema.com/atlas/embed/Ukraine/topics/Economy/Balance-of-Payments-Current-accounts/Current-account-balance?"
                        class="embed-size" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe>
                <!--<img src="cubop.png" width="910px"><br/><br/>-->
                <h5 id="2.3.7.2">2.3.7.2 Capital Account</h5>
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Ukraine/topics/Economy/Balance-of-Payments-Capital-and-financial-account/Net-capital-account"
                        allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" width="920" height="700"
                        scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <br/><br/>
                <h5 id="2.3.7.3">2.3.7.3 Financial Account</h5>
                <iframe src="https://knoema.com/atlas/embed/Ukraine/topics/Economy/Balance-of-Payments-Capital-and-financial-account/Net-financial-account"
                        allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" class="embed-size" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <!--<iframe src="https://data.worldbank.org/share/widget?indicators=BN.FIN.TOTL.CD&locations=UA" width='900'-->
                <!--height='600' frameBorder='0' scrolling="no"></iframe>-->
                <h2 id="2.4">2.4 Trade</h2>
                <h4 id="2.4.1">2.4.1 Trading Partners</h4>
                <h5 id="2.4.1.1">2.4.1.1 Import Origins</h5>
                <iframe class="embed-size"
                        src="//atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/embed/tree_map/hs92/import/aus/show/all/2016/?controls=false"
                        frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <h5 id="2.4.1.2">2.4.1.2 Export Destinations</h5>
                <iframe class="embed-size"
                        src="//atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/embed/tree_map/hs92/export/aus/show/all/2016/?controls=false"
                        frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <h4 id="2.4.2">2.4.2 Trade Balance</h4>
                <iframe class="embed-size"
                        src="//atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/embed/line/hs92/show/aus/all/all/1995.2016/?controls=false"
                        frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>
                <h4 id="2.4.3">2.4.3 Trade Benefits</h4>
                <p>
                    From the table of import and export composition, it could be observed that Ukraine is benefiting
                    from selling its abundant natural resources (various metal ores) and buying high-tech products that
                    it lacks.
                </p><br/>
                <h4 id="2.4.4">2.4.4 Protectionism Policies</h4>
                <p>
                    There is very limited information on the internet regarding the protectionism policies implemented
                    by Ukraine government. Systematic descriptions are rare.
                </p>
                <blockquote>
                    <p>"The Ukrainian government
                        has been actively analyzing and addressing unnecessary trade barriers that encumber trade,
                        working
                        to make the business environment more simple and transparent for local and foreign companies.
                        While
                        the environment is improving, many trade barriers in Ukraine persist, including unpredictable
                        discriminatory fees and product certification procedures. Non-tariff barriers include
                        non-transparent standards and certification requirements, cumbersome procedures for
                        phytosanitary
                        certifications, import licenses, and labeling requirements.</p>

                    <p>Over the past few years the Government of Ukraine occasionally temporarily restricted imports of
                        U.S. agricultural products, allegedly because of food safety concerns. In addition, in November
                        2010, the Ministry of Health of Ukraine signed Order #971, approving a list of food products
                        that
                        require monitoring for genetically engineered or genetically modified organism (GMO) content.
                        Among
                        the groups of products to be tested and monitored are soybeans and soybean products, corn and
                        products made with corn, potatoes and potato-derived products, tomatoes, and tomato products,
                        rice
                        and rice products, wheat and products made of wheat, baby food made with such products, food
                        additives."</p>
                </blockquote>
                Reference: <a href="https://www.export.gov/article?id=Ukraine-Trade-Barriers">https://www.export.gov/article?id=Ukraine-Trade-Barriers</a>
                <br/><br/>
                <h2 id="2.5">2.5 SWOT Analysis</h2><br/>
                <table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
                    <tbody>
                    <tr>
                        <td style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold">Strengths</td>
                        <td>Abundant natural resources, low labor costs, adequately educated workforce
                        </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold">Weaknesses</td>
                        <td>Economic instability, corruption, bureaucracy and inefficient tax and legal
                            system, over-regulation, underdeveloped transport infrastructure, local currency devaluation
                        </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold">Opportunities</td>
                        <td>Investments in infrastructure, clean and renewable energy sources, high-tech products,
                            multimedia etc.
                        </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                        <td style="font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold">Threats</td>
                        <td>Terrorism and Political Instability</td>
                    </tr>
                    </tbody>
                </table>
                Reference: <br/>
                <a href="http://usa.mfa.gov.ua/mediafiles/sites/usa/files/export/Invest_in_Ukraine.pdf">http://usa.mfa.gov.ua/mediafiles/sites/usa/files/export/Invest_in_Ukraine.pdf</a><br/>
                <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/10cf75b4-efd4-11e4-ab73-00144feab7de">https://www.ft.com/content/10cf75b4-efd4-11e4-ab73-00144feab7de</a><br/><br/>
                <h2 id="3">3. Development Proposal</h2>
                <h2 id="3.1">3.1 Type of Aid</h2>
                <h5>Humanitarian Aid</h5><br/>
                <h4 id="3.1.1">3.1.1 Justification</h4>
                <p>The armed conflict in eastern Ukraine is now in its fourth year. The conflict has led to staggering
                    humanitarian needs, claimed over 10,000 lives (nearly 3,000 civilian) and damaged critical civilian
                    infrastructure. Thousands of civilians living close to the contact line are still suffering under
                    shelling. Many citizens face significant challenges as a result of the suspension of social and
                    financial services in the divided parts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Restrictions on movement of
                    people and goods across the contact line make life extremely difficult for people living in the
                    eastern
                    regions.</p>
                <p>An estimated four million people are in need of humanitarian support, and while humanitarian groups
                    are
                    doing their best to meet needs, there is a serious lack of funding and international attention to
                    the
                    ongoing humanitarian crisis. Protracted displacement is a challenge and lack of livelihood
                    opportunities
                    forces some Internally Displaced People (IDPs) to return to insecure areas. The main challenges for
                    aid
                    organizations are providing assistance to 1,583,827 registered IDPs in Ukraine (by April 25th, 2017)
                    and
                    accessing to those in need living on the other side of contact line.
                </p>
                <p>
                    The situation in the Donbass (Eastern) region exposes and aggravates systemic and structural flaws
                    that,
                    in turn, negatively impact the humanitarian situation. This drawn out crisis has weakened people’s
                    ability to cope. Therefore, the role of the international humanitarian actors is critical.
                </p>
                <h4 id="3.1.2">3.1.2 Amout and Timeline</h4>
                <p>Humanitarian aid is needed until the violence conflict and crises in the country stops.</p>
                <h4 id="3.1.3">3.1.3 Goals</h4>
                <p>Goals of this aid include: access multisectoral humanitarian assistance, access to job and markets,
                    cash to restore livelihoods, water for frontline villages, shelter for affected families, and access
                    to health and psychosocial services.</p>
                <h2 id="3.2">3.2 Past Aids</h2>
                <p>BEIJING — China's Foreign Ministry said that international financial bodies ought to be
                    offering aid to Ukraine to ensure its economic stability, though it stopped short of saying whether
                    Beijing would participate in such efforts.
                </p>
                <p>
                    U.S. President Barack Obama has also urged the IMF to reach agreement swiftly on a financial support
                    package for Kyiv, which would unlock additional aid from the European Union and Washington.
                </p>
                <p>
                    Asked about aid for Ukraine, China, whose President Xi Jinping discussed Ukraine with Obama on
                    Monday, said that the government "upholds the maintaining of Ukraine's financial stability."
                </p>
                <p>
                    “The United States, working with partners around the world, stands ready to provide support for
                    Ukraine as it takes the reforms it needs to, to get back to economic stability,” said White House
                    spokesman Jay Carney, adding that “this support can complement an IMF program by helping to make
                    reforms easier”.
                </p>
                Reference: <br/>
                <a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/china-supports-international-aid-for-ukraine/1879550.html">https://www.voanews.com/a/china-supports-international-aid-for-ukraine/1879550.html</a><br/>
                <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-aid/ukraine-calls-for-urgent-western-aid-after-yanukovich-ousted-idUSBREA1N0EG20140224">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-aid/ukraine-calls-for-urgent-western-aid-after-yanukovich-ousted-idUSBREA1N0EG20140224</a>
                <br/><br/>
                <h2 id="3.3">3.3 Problem with Aids</h2>
                <h4>Potential for Corruption</h4>
                <p>Since 1992, the U.S. has sent $3 billion to $5 billion in aid to Ukraine, with only cursory public
                    disclosure. The U.S. State Department operates an online database, ForeignAssistance.gov, but names
                    of foreign recipients are often left out, and entire sections are blank. Furthermore, the disclosure
                    often comes long after the money has been distributed.

                    “It is incredibly hard to find this kind of information,” Nicole Valentinuzzi, communications
                    manager for Publish What You Fund, an international organization promoting transparency for foreign
                    aid.</p>
                <p>...<br/>
                    USAID has advocated and funded Ukraine transparency programs and laws, including the nation’s 2011
                    freedom of information law and the creation of the Ukrainian Electronic Disclosure System, a public
                    database of financial reports modeled on the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s EDGAR system.
                </p>
                Reference: <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/07/us-foreign-aid-ukraine_n_4914682.html">https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/07/us-foreign-aid-ukraine_n_4914682.html</a><br/><br/>
                <h2 id="4">4. Reference and Data Sources</h2>
                <h4>Reference</h4>
                <h5>For Part 1</h5>
                <a href="http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/netherlands/structure-of-economy.html">http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/netherlands/structure-of-economy.html</a><br/>
                <a href="https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/182705/2/Polman-Costs_and_benefits_associated_with_the_externalities_generated-203_a.pdf">https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/182705/2/Polman-Costs_and_benefits_associated_with_the_externalities_generated-203_a.pdf</a><br/>
                <a href="http://www.pbl.nl/node/63907">http://www.pbl.nl/node/63907</a><br/>
                <a href="http://www.oecd.org/economy/netherlands-economic-forecast-summary.htm">http://www.oecd.org/economy/netherlands-economic-forecast-summary.htm</a><br/><br/>

                <h5>For Part 2</h5>
                <a href="https://www.economy.com/ukraine/indicators">https://www.economy.com/ukraine/indicators</a><br/>
                <a href="http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Ukraine-ENVIRONMENT.html">http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Ukraine-ENVIRONMENT.html</a><br/>
                <a href="https://www.export.gov/article?id=Ukraine-Trade-Barriers">https://www.export.gov/article?id=Ukraine-Trade-Barriers</a><br/>
                <a href="http://usa.mfa.gov.ua/mediafiles/sites/usa/files/export/Invest_in_Ukraine.pdf">http://usa.mfa.gov.ua/mediafiles/sites/usa/files/export/Invest_in_Ukraine.pdf</a><br/>
                <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/10cf75b4-efd4-11e4-ab73-00144feab7de">https://www.ft.com/content/10cf75b4-efd4-11e4-ab73-00144feab7de</a><br/><br/>

                <h5>For Part 3</h5>
                <a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/china-supports-international-aid-for-ukraine/1879550.html">https://www.voanews.com/a/china-supports-international-aid-for-ukraine/1879550.html</a><br/>
                <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-aid/ukraine-calls-for-urgent-western-aid-after-yanukovich-ousted-idUSBREA1N0EG20140224">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-aid/ukraine-calls-for-urgent-western-aid-after-yanukovich-ousted-idUSBREA1N0EG20140224</a><br/>
                <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/07/us-foreign-aid-ukraine_n_4914682.html">https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/07/us-foreign-aid-ukraine_n_4914682.html</a><br/><br/>

                <h4>Sources of Data and Graphs</h4>
                <a href="https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en">https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en</a><br/>
                <a href="https://tradingeconomics.com/">https://tradingeconomics.com</a><br/>
                <a href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator">https://data.worldbank.org/indicator</a><br/>
                <a href="https://www.assetmacro.com">https://www.assetmacro.com</a><br/>
                <a href="http://hdr.undp.org/en">http://hdr.undp.org/en</a><br/>
                <a href="https://knoema.com/atlas">https://knoema.com/atlas</a><br/>
                <!--<a href="https://www.economy.com/ukraine/current-account-balance">https://www.economy.com/ukraine/current-account-balance</a><br/>-->
                <a href="https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/ukraine">https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/ukraine</a><br/><br/>
            </div>
        </td>
    </tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>